{"id":4536,"date":"2025-01-02T22:40:55","date_gmt":"2025-01-02T21:40:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mojesebepoznani.cz\/?p=4536"},"modified":"2025-04-08T22:57:56","modified_gmt":"2025-04-08T20:57:56","slug":"vynalezy-ktere-zmenily-svet-ceskoslovensky-duvtip-v-mezinarodnim-meritku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/d.r4.wbsprt.com\/mojesebepoznani.cz\/vynalezy-ktere-zmenily-svet-ceskoslovensky-duvtip-v-mezinarodnim-meritku\/","title":{"rendered":"Vyn\u00e1lezy, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnily sv\u011bt \u2013 \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd d\u016fvtip v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u010ceskoslovensko se mezi lety 1918 a 1989 zapsalo do historie nejen svou kulturou a pr\u016fmyslem, ale tak\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy a technologiemi<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ekro\u010dily hranice a na\u0161ly uplatn\u011bn\u00ed po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto objev\u016f vznikly d\u00edky hou\u017eevnatosti jednotlivc\u016f i \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm t\u00fdm\u016fm. A p\u0159esto\u017ee byly \u010dasto vyv\u00edjeny v omezen\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch, jejich dopad byl glob\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

„Kdy\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee\u0161 vyv\u00e1\u017eet zbran\u011b, exportuj mozek. Ten m\u00e1 nekone\u010dnou munici.“<\/p>in\u017een\u00fdr Tesla Kol\u00edn, 1971<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\t\t

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V\u00edce \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f<\/span><\/h4><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Kdy\u017e\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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\t\t\n\t\tKdy\u017e l\u00e1ska bol\u00ed: Otcovsk\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta a vnit\u0159n\u00ed hlas nad\u011bje\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/i>\t\t\n\t\tV \u010dem bylo \u010ceskoslovensko nejlep\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b?\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/i>\t\t\n\t\tSt\u00edn je d\u016fsledkem Sv\u011btla\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/i>\t\t\n\t\tBa\u017een\u00ed a pocit v\u00fdjime\u010dnosti: kdy\u017e se st\u00edn vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 za sv\u011btlo\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/i>\t\t\n\t\tNejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e1 spiknut\u00ed a jejich vliv na sv\u011btov\u00e9 d\u011bjiny\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\n\n

Obrn\u011bn\u00fd p\u00e1sov\u00fd traktor \u2013 \u201eZetor 25\u201c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1946 uvedla brn\u011bnsk\u00e1 Zbrojovka prvn\u00ed s\u00e9riov\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd Zetor 25<\/strong>, kter\u00fd kombinoval jednoduchost, robustnost a spolehlivost. Byl exportov\u00e1n do v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 zem\u00ed a stal se synonymem dostupn\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho stroje. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech Afriky a Asie dodnes slou\u017e\u00ed jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed traktor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kontaktn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky (prof. Otto Wichterle)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Patrn\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdm vyn\u00e1lezem jsou m\u011bkk\u00e9 kontaktn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 v roce 1959 vyvinul profesor Otto Wichterle<\/strong> spolu s chemikem Drahoslavem L\u00edmem. Jejich objev a polymer HEMA znamenaly revoluci v o\u010dn\u00ed optice. Dnes nos\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky v\u00edce ne\u017e 300 milion\u016f lid\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/strong> \u2013 a z\u00e1klady tohoto pr\u016fmyslu vznikly na \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 p\u016fd\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polarografie (Jaroslav Heyrovsk\u00fd \u2013 Nobelova cena 1959)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1922 vynalezl Jaroslav Heyrovsk\u00fd<\/strong> metodu polarografie<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje analyzovat slo\u017een\u00ed roztok\u016f pomoc\u00ed elektrick\u00e9ho proudu. Za tento p\u0159\u00ednos obdr\u017eel Nobelovu cenu za chemii<\/strong>. Polarografie se vyu\u017e\u00edvala po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b v chemii, farmacii, biologii i pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antibiotikum Nivalin (galantamin)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vyvinut\u00e9 v 50. letech \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdmi v\u011bdci z V\u00daFB a dal\u0161\u00edch farmaceutick\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f, Nivalin<\/strong> (\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka galantamin) se vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dodnes p\u0159i l\u00e9\u010db\u011b Alzheimerovy choroby<\/strong>. Tento p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed alkaloid z narcis\u016f m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 neuroprotektivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektronkov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d SAPO<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

SAPO (Samostatn\u011b programovateln\u00fd automat)<\/strong> byl prvn\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d vyvinut\u00fd pod veden\u00edm Anton\u00edna Svobody<\/strong>. I kdy\u017e dnes ji\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed k historii, polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady v\u00fdvoje v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed techniky ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm bloku<\/strong> a p\u0159edb\u011bhl svou dobu nap\u0159\u00edklad syst\u00e9mem detekce a opravy chyb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdvoj pervitinu (prof. Anton\u00edn Bukovsk\u00fd)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1938 byl v \u010desk\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00edch vyvinut a izolov\u00e1n metamfetamin<\/strong> \u2013 tehdy ur\u010den\u00fd pro medic\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, nap\u0159. proti ospalosti nebo depres\u00edm. A\u010d pozd\u011bji zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd, jedn\u00e1 se o v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (a kontroverzn\u00ed) p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek farmaceutick\u00e9 chemie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paraleln\u00ed robot Delta (V\u00e1clav Havl\u00ed\u010dek, \u010cVUT)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V 80. letech \u010deskosloven\u0161t\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci navrhli vlastn\u00ed variantu paraleln\u00edho robotick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong>, inspirovanou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi trendy. Dodnes se uplat\u0148uje v mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed a potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 automatizaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektronov\u00fd mikroskop (prof. Armin Delong)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1947 sestrojil prof. Armin Delong<\/strong> prvn\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd elektronov\u00fd mikroskop<\/strong>. Pozd\u011bji vznikly \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 modely v r\u00e1mci \u00dastavu p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 techniky AV \u010cR v Brn\u011b, kter\u00e9 byly exportov\u00e1ny do des\u00edtek zem\u00ed. \u010ceskoslovensko bylo v tomto oboru na sv\u011btov\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dce.
\u27a1\ufe0f Brno je dodnes jedn\u00edm z center mikroskopie v Evrop\u011b.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Um\u011bl\u00e1 c\u00e9va (prof. Stanislav Pali\u010dka, 1960s)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b implantovan\u00e1 um\u011bl\u00e1 c\u00e9va<\/strong> na sv\u011bt\u011b byla vyvinuta v \u010ceskoslovensku. Pou\u017e\u00edvala se v c\u00e9vn\u00ed chirurgii u pacient\u016f s arterioskler\u00f3zou a dal\u0161\u00edmi c\u00e9vn\u00edmi chorobami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Letadla L-29 Delf\u00edn a L-39 Albatros (Aero Vodochody)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tyto cvi\u010dn\u00e9 proudov\u00e9 letouny se staly standardn\u00ed v\u00fdzbroj\u00ed letectev v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku<\/strong> a byly exportov\u00e1ny do v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 zem\u00ed. L-39 dodnes slou\u017e\u00ed v n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u00e1tech jako akrobatick\u00fd nebo v\u00fdcvikov\u00fd stroj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Um\u011bl\u00e9 sladidlo VUC-sweet (\u00dastav organick\u00e9 chemie a biochemie AV \u010cR)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V 70. letech se v \u010ceskoslovensku vyv\u00edjela alternativa ke klasick\u00e9mu cukru \u2013 um\u011bl\u00e1 sladidla<\/strong> vhodn\u00e1 pro diabetiky a dietn\u00ed potraviny. Sladidlo VUC bylo jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch funk\u010dn\u00edch projekt\u016f sv\u00e9ho druhu v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Psychologick\u00fd test Kresba postavy (Zden\u011bk Mat\u011bj\u010dek)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 psychologii se prosadily metody profesora Mat\u011bj\u010dka a Langmeiera<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dodnes \u2013 nap\u0159. testy kresby postavy, posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje \u010di pr\u00e1ce s citov\u00fdm str\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rny (nap\u0159. RUR, Tesla)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u011bhem 80. let byly vyv\u00edjeny \u0159\u00e1dkov\u00e9 a bodov\u00e9 tisk\u00e1rny<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly schopnost p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho napojen\u00ed na s\u00e1lov\u00e9 i mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010de. Byl to z\u00e1klad automatizace ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1v\u011b i pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typov\u00fd syst\u00e9m stavebnictv\u00ed T06 a G40 (typizovan\u00e9 panely)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nejde o klasick\u00fd vyn\u00e1lez, ale modul\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m v\u00fdstavby<\/strong> panelov\u00fdch dom\u016f (v\u010detn\u011b mo\u017enost\u00ed kombinace d\u00edlc\u016f, elektroinstalace a mont\u00e1\u017ee), kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edval nejen v \u010cSSR, ale i v NDR, Ma\u010farsku a SSSR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010d PMD 85<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vyv\u00edjen\u00fd od roku 1985 v Tesle Pie\u0161\u0165any \u2013 \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed mikropo\u010d\u00edta\u010d<\/strong>, kter\u00fd slou\u017eil zejm\u00e9na ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch pro v\u00fduku programov\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u011bl vlastn\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m a programovac\u00ed jazyky BASIC \u010di Pascal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pru\u017einov\u00fd kol\u00ed\u010dek na pr\u00e1dlo (vylep\u0161en\u00fd patent, J. Hal\u00edk, 1950s)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I kdy\u017e kol\u00ed\u010dek nevznikl v \u010cSR, \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 verze s d\u016fmysln\u00fdm kovov\u00fdm perem a ergonomi\u00ed se exportovala po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b a dodnes se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed v podobn\u00e9m designu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V obdob\u00ed 1945\u20131989<\/strong> bylo v \u010ceskoslovensku p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161eno a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b ud\u011bleno v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 000 patent\u016f<\/strong>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vrchol po\u010dtu patentov\u00fdch p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161ek nastal v 70. a 80. letech<\/strong>. P\u0159esn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla se mohou m\u00edrn\u011b li\u0161it podle zdroje a metodiky, ale zde je orienta\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159ehled:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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? Orienta\u010dn\u00ed statistiky patentov\u00fdch p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161ek v \u010cSSR:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n